Historically, the modern country of
Spain was formed by the accretion of several independent
Iberian realms (
Asturias,
León,
Galicia,
Castile,
Navarre,
Aragon,
Catalonia,
Majorca,
Valencia,
Granada) through dynastic inheritance, conquest and the will of the local elites. These realms had their own personalities and borders.
Portugal, an independent country since the
12th century, was the only one of the Iberian realms not to be absorbed into the Spanish kingdom, due to the failure of the
Iberian Union in 1640.
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