Externalities

n. outwardness, quality or condition of being external or directed toward outside or exterior; incidental situation that may affect a course of process or activity; (Psychology) state of being external

In economics, an externality is an impact (positive or negative) on anyone not party to a given economic transaction. An externality occurs when a decision causes costs or benefits to third party stakeholders, often, although not necessarily, from the use of a public good. In other words, the participants in an economic transaction do not necessarily bear all of the costs or reap all of the benefits of the transaction. For example, manufacturing that causes air pollution imposes costs on others when making use of public air. In a competitive market, this means too much or too little of the good may be produced and consumed in terms of overall cost or benefit to society, depending on incentives at the margin and strategic behavior.
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Noun
1. the quality or state of being outside or directed toward or relating to the outside or exterior; "the outwardness of the world"
(synonym) outwardness
(hypernym) position, spatial relation

Externalities
(Econ) Các ngoại hưởng; Các ngoại ứng+ Được biết đến với những tên khác nhau, như tác động ngoại lai, ảnh hưởng từ bên ngoài, bất lợi từ bên ngoài,ảnh hưởng trào ra bên ngoài và ẢNH HƯỞNG ĐẾN VÙNG LÂN CẬN. Người ta đã phân biệt ngoại ứng biên và ngoại ứng trong biên.
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