In
political science and
constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the
state. In many countries, it is referred to simply as the government, but this usage can be confusing in an international context. The executive branch contains the
head of government, who is the head of this branch. Under the doctrine of the
separation of powers, the executive is not supposed to make laws (role of the
legislature), nor to interpret them (role of the
judiciary): in practice, this separation is rarely absolute. The executive is identified by the
Head of Government. In a
presidential system, this person (the
President) may also be the
Head of State, whereas in a
parliamentary system he or she is usually the leader of the largest
party in the
legislature and is most commonly termed the
Prime Minister (
Taoiseach in the
Republic of Ireland, (Federal)
Chancellor in
Germany and
Austria). In
France, executive power is shared between the
President and the
Prime Minister and this system has been reproduced in a number of former
French colonies, while
Switzerland and
Bosnia and Herzegovina likewise have collegiate systems for the role of Head of State and Government. The Head of Government is assisted by a number of
ministers, who usually have responsibilities for particular areas (e.g. health, education, foreign affairs), and by a large number of
government employees or
civil servants.
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