An emission factor can be defined as the average emission rate of a given
pollutant for a given source, relative to units of activity. Emission factors can be used to derive estimates of gas emissions (for instance,
greenhouse gas emissions) based on the amount of fuel
combusted or on industrial production levels. The level of precision of the resulting estimates depends significantly on the activity in question.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the combustion of fuel can be estimated with a high degree of certainty regardless of how the fuel is used as these emissions depend almost exclusively on the
carbon content of the fuel, which is generally known with a high degree of certainty. In contrast, the levels of non-CO2 emissions from combustion depend on the precise nature of the activity in which the fuel is being combusted. For instance,
methane (CH4) emissions from transport depend on a vehicle's type, whether the vehicle has been fitted with emissions controls and so on. Therefore, because of the uncertainties involved, the estimates of non-CO2 emissions from transport using emission factors are much less precise than estimates of CO2 emissions.
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The relationship between the amount of pollution produced and the amount of raw material processed. For example, an emission factor for a blast furnace making iron would be the number of pounds of particulates per ton of raw materials.