Electrical impedance, or simply impedance, describes a measure of opposition to a sinusoidal
alternating current (AC). Electrical impedance extends the concept of
resistance to AC circuits, describing not only the relative magnitudes of the
voltage and
current, but also the relative
phases. In general impedance is a
complex quantity and the term complex impedance may be used interchangeably; the
polar form conveniently captures both magnitude and phase characteristics,
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