Discharge (hydrology)
In
hydrology, the discharge of a
river is the volume of
water transported by it in a certain amount of time. The
unit used is usually m³/s (cubic meters per second, or cumecs). For example, the average discharge of the
Rhine river is 2200 m³/s. The discharge of a river can be estimated by taking the
area of a cross-section of the river and multiplying it by the river's average
velocity.The
catchment of a river above a certain location is determined by the surface area of all land which drains toward the river from above that point. The river's discharge at that location depends on the rainfall on the catchment or
drainage area and the inflow or outflow of groundwater to or from the area, stream modifications such as dams and irrigation diversions, as well as evaporation and evapotranspiration from the area's land and plant surfaces. In storm hydrology an important consideration is the stream's discharge hydrograph, a record of how the discharge varies over time after a precipitation event. The stream rises to a peak flow after each precipitation event, then falls in a slow
recession. Because the peak flow also corresponds to the maximum water level reached during the event, it is of interest in flood studies. Analysis of the relationship between precipitation intensity and duration, and the response of the stream discharge is mmm by the concept of the unit hydrograph which represents the response of stream discharge over time to the application of a hypothetical "unit" amount and duration of rain, for example 1 cm over the entire catchment for a period of one hour. This represents a certain volume of water (depending on the area of the catchment) which must subsequently flow out of the river. Using this method either actual historical rainfalls or hypothetical "design storms" can be modelled mathematically to confirm characteristics of historical floods, or to predict a stream's reaction to a predited storm.
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Module (hydrologie)
Abfluss
Abfluss ist in der
Hydrologie das Wasservolumen, das ein vorgegebenes
(Einzugs-)Gebiet unter dem Einfluss der Schwerebeschleunigung innerhalb einer bestimmten Zeiteinheit verlässt. Verglichen mit
Strom entspricht der Abfluss der
Stromstärke.Die Abflussmenge (auch Durchfluss) bezeichnet das
Volumen an Wasser, das in einem Fließgewässer in einer bestimmten Zeit einen
Querschnitt passiert.Weil in der Hydrologie Maßangaben prinzipiell auf einen Pegel (also einen Messpunkt) bezogen sind, bemisst man immer flußabwärts, und fasst alle Wasservolumina, die die Messstelle passieren, unter dem Begriff Abfluss zusammen. Der Zufluss etwa in einen See ist hydrologisch betrachtet „der Abfluss in den See an der Einmündung“. Analog ist der Durchfluss durch ein Areal die Wassermenge, die den Pegel passierend ins Unterwasser „abfliesst“.
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Portata
La portata è la quantità di
fluido che attraversa una sezione con area "" nell'unità di tempo. Data una sezione si può definire una portata ponderale se riferita al peso (massa moltiplicata all'accelerazione gravitazionale pari a 9.80665 ), di massa (o massica) se riferita alla
massa di fluido e una portata volumetrica se riferita al
volume.
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