Dhimmi
A dhimmi (, collectively: أهل الذمة, ahl al-dhimma, the people of the dhimma or pact of protection,
Ottoman Turkish zimmi) was a
free, non-
Muslim subject of a state governed in accordance with
sharia law. A dhimmi is a person of the dhimma, a term which refers in Islamic law to a pact contracted between non-Muslims and authorities from their Muslim government. This status was originally only made available to non-Muslims who were
People of the Book (i.e.
Jews and
Christians), but was later extended to include
Sikhs,
Zoroastrians,
Mandeans, and, in some areas,
Hindus and
Buddhists. Dhimmi had more rights than other non-Muslim religious subjects, but fewer legal and social rights than Muslims. This status applied to millions of people living from the
Atlantic Ocean to
India from the
7th century until modern times. Over time, many dhimmis converted to Islam. Most conversions were voluntary and happened for a number of different reasons but forced conversion played a role in some later periods of Islamic history, mostly in the
12th century under the
Almohad dynasty of
North Africa and
al-Andalus as well as in
Persia where
Shi'a Islam is dominant.
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Dhimmi
Dhimma
Dhimma ( „Schutz“, „Vertrag“, „Garantie“ von dhamma ) ist eine Institution des
islamischen Rechts, die den juristischen Status nichtmuslimischer „Schutzbefohlener“ in islamischen Ländern (genannt „Dhimmi“) festlegt. Dhimmis können nach islamischer Auffassung ihren privatrechtlichen Bestimmungen nachgehen, im Bereich des
öffentlichen Rechts und der Ausübung religiöser Bräuche sind sie allerdings
schari'arechtlichen Schranken unterworfen. Die Definition von Dhimma und der juristische Umgang mit Schutzbefohlenen sind im islamischen Völkerrecht, (
siyar), im 2. muslimischen Jahrhundert (8. Jahrhundert n. Chr.) der
islamischen Eroberungen entstanden und in dem daraus entwickelten Zweig der Rechtsliteratur Ahkam ahl al-dhimma erörtert.
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Dhimmi
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Dhimmi
Un dhimmi (ذمي, collettivo: أهل الذمة, ahl al-dhimma, la gente della dhimma o patto di protezione,
turco ottomano zimmi ) era un cittadino non-
musulmano di uno stato governato dalla
sharia — la legge
islamica.Con Dhimma si intende un patto contratto tra non musulmani e un'autorità di governo musulmana. Lo status di dhimmi era in origine riferito solo all'
Ahl al-Kitab ("Gente del Libro"), cioè
ebrei e
cristiani, ma in seguito fu esteso anche agli
zoroastriani, ai
mandei e quindi agli
indù, ai
sikh, ai
buddhisti. I dhimmi godevano di maggiori diritti rispetto ad altri soggetti non-musulmani, ma di minori diritti legali e sociali dei
musulmani. Lo status di dhimmi venne applicato a milioni di persone vissute tra l'
Oceano Atlantico e l'
India dal
VII secolo all'epoca moderna. Nel tempo, molti si convertirono all'Islam. Molte conversioni furono volontarie e furono motivate da diverse ragioni, ma le conversioni forzate giocarono un ruolo crescente soprattutto dal
XII secolo sotto gli
Almohadi nel
Maghreb e in
Andalusia, in
Persia e in
Egitto, dove il cristianesimo
copto era ancora la religione numericamente dominante.
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