Deductive reasoning

reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by methodically analyzing the facts

Deductive reasoning, according to many dictionaries, is the type of reasoning that proceeds from general principles or premises to derive particular information.
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Deductive reasoning, n the ability to distill the pertinent facts and details of a situation from a wider body of evidence and generalizations. [more]Deductive reasoning - Community and Resources

Noun
1. reasoning from the general to the particular (or from cause to effect)
(synonym) deduction, synthesis
(hypernym) reasoning, logical thinking, abstract thought
(hyponym) syllogism

The use of general fact to provide accurate information about a specific situation.