Constructivism is a perspective in
philosophy that views all of our knowledge as "constructed", under the assumption that it does not necessarily reflect any external "transcendent" realities; it is contingent on
convention, human
perception, and social
experience. Constructivism criticizes
essentialism, whether it is in the form of medieval
realism, classical
rationalism, or
empiricism. Constructionism and constructivism are often used interchangeably. It is believed by constructivists that representations of physical and biological reality, including
race,
sexuality, and
gender are
socially constructed (
Hegel, Garns, and
Marx were among the first to suggest such an ambitious expansion of
social determinism).
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