Caliph of Cordoba

The Caliphate of Córdoba (Arabic: خليفة قرطبة) ruled the Iberian peninsula (Al-Andalus) and North Africa from the city of Córdoba, from 929 to 1031. This period was characterized by remarkable success in trade and culture; many of the masterpieces of Islamic Spain were constructed in this period, including the famous Great Mosque of Córdoba. The title Caliph (Arabic: خليفة) was claimed by Abd-ar-Rahman III on January 16, 929; he was previously known as the Emir of Córdoba (Arabic: أمير قرطبة). All Caliphs of Córdoba were members of the Umayyad dynasty; the same dynasty had held the title Emir of Córdoba and ruled over roughly the same territory since 756. The rule of the Caliphate is known as the heyday of Muslim presence in the Iberian peninsula, although it was practically finished in 1010 with the civil war (fitna) which started between descendants of the last legitimate Caliph Hisham II and the successors of his prime minister (or hayib) Almanzor. The Caliphate was also probably exhausted by its expensive military efforts. However, it officially existed until 1031, when it was fractured into a number of independent taifas.
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