Brown dwarfs are sub-
stellar objects with a mass below that necessary to maintain
hydrogen-burning
nuclear fusion reactions in their cores, as do stars on the
main sequence, but which have fully convective surfaces and interiors, with no chemical differentiation by depth. Brown dwarfs occupy the mass range between that of large
gas giant planets and the lowest mass stars; this upper limit is between 75 and 80
Jupiter masses (). Currently there is some debate as to what criterion to use to define the separation between a brown dwarf from a giant planet at very low brown dwarf masses (~13 ), and whether brown dwarfs are required to have experienced fusion at some point in their history. In any event, brown dwarfs heavier than 13 do fuse
deuterium and those above ~65 also fuse
lithium. The only planet known to orbit a brown dwarf is
2M1207b.
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