The term "anti-cult movement" (ACM) is used by academics - and others - to refer to a collectivity of groups and individuals that pursue an opposition to cults and new religious movements. Sociologists David G. Bromley and Anson Shupe initially defined the ACM in 1981 as a collection of groups who embrace brainwashing theory, but later observed a significant shift in the ideology towards a "medicalization" of the memberships of New Religious Movements (NRM).
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