The History of Athens is one of the longest of any city in
Europe and in the world.
Athens has been continuously inhabited for at least 3,000 years becoming the leading city of
Ancient Greece in the first millennium BC; its cultural achievements during the 5th century BC laid the foundations of
western civilization. During the
Middle Ages, the city experienced decline and then recovery under the
Byzantine Empire, and was relatively prosperous during the
Crusades, benefiting from
Italian trade. After a long period of decline under the rule of the
Ottoman Empire, Athens re-emerged in the 19th century as the capital of the independent
Greek state.
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