Sa'd ibn AbdallahSaud ibn Abdallah
Muhammad ibn Abdallah Abdullah ibn Saud (
Arabic: عبد الله بن سعود ) was the fourth and last leader of what later became known as the
First Saudi State. He succeeded his father
Saud bin Abdul Aziz bin Muhammad ibn Saud as
imam of the "Muwahhideen" (or
Wahhabis, as they were known to their opponents) in
1814, and ruled until
1818. While the House of Saud had many successes under Saud, they had also managed to provoke a war with the
Ottoman Empire. As such, Abdullah immediately had to face an invasion of his domains by an Ottoman-Egyptian army under the command of
Ibrahim Pasha, the son of the viceroy of
Egypt,
Muhammad Ali. The Ottoman forces began their campaign by quickly recapturing
Mecca and
Madinah. Heavily outnumbered and under-equipped, the Saudi forces retreated to their stronghold of
Najd. Rather than engage the invaders in open battle on his own turf, however, Abdullah decided to attempt to weather the invasion by fortifying his forces in the Najdi towns. As a result, Abdullah watched Ibrahim take the villages of Najd one by one, sacking any town that resisted, until Ibrahim finally reached the Saudi capital at
Diriyah. After a siege that lasted several months, Abdullah finally surrendered in the winter of
1818, marking the end of the Saudi state. Ibrahim systematically razed Diriyah to the ground and sent many members of the
Al Saud clan into captivity in Egypt and
Constantinople. Abdullah himself was promptly put to the sword in Constantinople at the behest of the Ottoman
Sultan, and his severed head was thrown into the waters of the
Bosphorus. Although the Ottomans maintained several garrisons in Najd thereafter, they were unable to prevent the resurrection of the Saudi state under another member of the Saudi clan,
Turki ibn Abdallah ibn Muhammad ibn Saud.
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Abdallah I. ibn Saud
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