49 BC

EventsBy placeRomeConsuls: Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus, Gaius Claudius Marcellus Maior.The Great Roman Civil War commencesJanuary 1 — The Roman Senate receives a proposal from Julius Caesar that he and Pompey should lay down their commands simultaneously. The Senate responds that Caesar must immediately surrender his command.January 10 — Julius Caesar leads his army across the Rubicon, which separates his jurisdiction (Cisalpine Gaul) from that of the Senate (Italy), and thus initiates a civil war. In response, the Roman senate invokes the senatus consultum ultimum.February — Pompey's flight to Epirus (in Western Greece) with most of the Senate.March 9 — Caesar advances against Pompeian forces in Spain.April 19 — Caesar's siege of Massilia against the Pompeian Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus; the siege was conducted later by Caesarian Gaius Trebonius.June — Caesar arrives in Spain; seizes the Pyrenees passes against the Pompeians L. Afranius and Marcus Petreius.June 7 — Cicero slips out of Italy and goes to Salonika.July 30 — Caesar surrounds Afranius and Petreius's army in Ilerda.August 2 — Pompeians in Ilerda surrender to Caesar.August 24 — Caesar's general Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in North Africa by the Pompeians under Attius Varus and King Juba I of Numidia (whom he defeated earlier in the Battle of Utica), in the Battle of the Bagradas River, and commits suicide.September — Decimus Brutus, a Caesarian, defeats the combined Pompeian-Massilian naval forces in the naval Battle of Massilia, while the Caesarian fleet in the Adriatic is defeated near Curicta (Krk).September 6 — Massilia surrendered to Caesar, coming back from Spain.October — Caesar appointed Dictator in Rome.
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